HERPETIC STOMATITIS: ETIOLOGY, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND TREATMENT APPROACHES

Abstract

Stomatitis is an inflammatory condition of the oral mucosa caused by viruses, bacteria, trauma, or toxic substances. It manifests in different forms, including ulcerative, bullous, and erosive stomatitis. Among them, herpetic stomatitis is the most common, with nearly 90% of the population carrying the herpes virus. Children often contract the virus early in life, making prevention difficult. The disease typically begins with fever (38-40°C) and oral pain, followed by multiple small ulcers on the tongue, palate, gums, and inner lips. The infection spreads through close contact, and maintaining proper hygiene can help reduce transmission. The immune system plays a crucial role in susceptibility, as factors like stress, fatigue, hormonal changes, and deficiencies in vitamins, folic acid, and iron increase the risk. Differential diagnosis is essential, as herpetic stomatitis may resemble other conditions such as varicella-zoster, Behçet’s disease, erythema multiforme, and traumatic ulcers. Management includes local anesthetics, antiseptic mouthwashes, herbal remedies, and dietary modifications. Avoiding acidic, spicy, or rough-textured foods can prevent irritation, while protein-rich diets support tissue repair. Adequate hydration is essential, especially for young children and the elderly. Strengthening the immune system through balanced nutrition, sufficient sleep, and fresh air enhances recovery and prevents recurrence. Promoting a healthy oral microbiome with antiseptic mouth rinses like chlorhexidine further supports healing. A comprehensive approach to treatment and prevention, including symptom relief, hygiene maintenance, and immune system support, is vital in managing herpetic stomatitis effectively.